Ubu buhanga bwo kubika ingufu bwatsindiye igihembo cya 2022 cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, bihendutse inshuro 40 ugereranije na batiri ya lithium-ion

Kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi ukoresheje silicon na ferrosilicon nk'ikigereranyo gishobora kubika ingufu ku giciro kiri munsi yama euro 4 kuri kilowatt-isaha, ni inshuro 100

bihendutse kuruta bateri ya lithium-ion isanzwe.Nyuma yo kongeramo kontineri no kubika, igiciro cyose gishobora kuba hafi ama euro 10 kuri kilowatt-saha,

bikaba bihendutse cyane kuruta bateri ya lithium ya euro 400 kuri kilowatt-saha.

Gutezimbere ingufu zishobora kubaho, kubaka sisitemu nshya no gushyigikira ububiko bwingufu ni inzitizi igomba gutsinda.

Imiterere-y-isanduku imiterere yumuriro wamashanyarazi hamwe nihindagurika ryamashanyarazi ashobora kongera ingufu nka Photovoltaque nuyumuyaga utanga isoko nibisabwa

y'amashanyarazi rimwe na rimwe ntaho ahuriye.Kugeza ubu, ayo mabwiriza arashobora guhindurwa n’amakara na gaze gasanzwe y’amashanyarazi cyangwa amashanyarazi kugirango bigerweho

no guhuza imbaraga.Ariko mugihe kizaza, hamwe no gukuramo ingufu za fosile no kongera ingufu zishobora kubaho, kubika ingufu zihendutse kandi neza

iboneza ni urufunguzo.

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ingufu rigabanijwe cyane cyane kubika ingufu z'umubiri, kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi, kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi no kubika ingufu za shimi.

Nkububiko bwingufu zububiko hamwe nububiko bwa pompe nibyubuhanga bwo kubika ingufu.Ubu buryo bwo kubika ingufu bufite igiciro gito kandi

imikorere ihindagurika cyane, ariko umushinga ni munini ugereranije, uhagarikwa na geografiya, kandi igihe cyo kubaka nacyo ni kirekire cyane.Biragoye

uhuze nogusokoza kwingufu zingufu zingufu zishobora kubikwa gusa.

Kugeza ubu, kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi birakunzwe, kandi ni n’ikoranabuhanga rishya ryiyongera cyane mu kubika ingufu ku isi.Ingufu z'amashanyarazi

ububiko bushingiye ahanini kuri bateri ya lithium-ion.Mu mpera za 2021, ubushobozi bwo gushyira ingufu mu kubika ingufu nshya ku isi bwarenze miliyoni 25

kilowatts, muri yo umugabane ku isoko wa bateri ya lithium-ion ugeze kuri 90%.Ibi biterwa niterambere rinini ryimodoka zamashanyarazi, zitanga a

nini-nini yubucuruzi ikoreshwa mububiko bwamashanyarazi ashingiye kuri bateri ya lithium-ion.

Nyamara, tekinoroji yo kubika ingufu za lithium-ion, nkubwoko bwa bateri yimodoka, ntabwo ari ikibazo kinini, ariko hazabaho ibibazo byinshi mugihe bigeze

gushyigikira gride-urwego rwigihe kirekire rwo kubika ingufu.Kimwe ni ikibazo cyumutekano nigiciro.Niba bateri ya lithium ion yashyizwe kumurongo munini, igiciro kizagwira,

n'umutekano uterwa no kwegeranya ubushyuhe nabyo ni akaga gakomeye.Ikindi nuko umutungo wa lithium ari muto cyane, kandi ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi ntibihagije,

kandi gukenera kubika ingufu z'igihe kirekire ntibishobora kuboneka.

Nigute wakemura ibyo bibazo bifatika kandi byihutirwa?Ubu abahanga benshi bibanze ku ikoranabuhanga ryo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi.Intambwe imaze guterwa

ikorana buhanga n'ubushakashatsi.

Mu Gushyingo 2022, Komisiyo y’Uburayi yatangaje umushinga wegukanye ibihembo bya “EU 2022 Innovation Radar Award”, aho “AMADEUS”

umushinga wa batiri wateguwe nitsinda ryikigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Madrid muri Espagne wegukanye igihembo cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi cyiza mu 2022.

"Amadeus" ni moderi ya bateri yimpinduramatwara.Uyu mushinga, ugamije kubika ingufu nyinshi zituruka ku mbaraga zishobora kongera ingufu, watoranijwe n’Abanyaburayi

Komisiyo nkimwe mubintu byiza byavumbuwe muri 2022.

Ubu bwoko bwa bateri yateguwe nitsinda ryabahanga bo muri Espagne ibika ingufu zirenze zitangwa mugihe ingufu zizuba cyangwa umuyaga ari nyinshi muburyo bwingufu zumuriro.

Ubu bushyuhe bukoreshwa mu gushyushya ibintu (silicon alloy yizwe muri uyu mushinga) kugeza kuri dogere selisiyusi zirenga 1000.Sisitemu ikubiyemo ikintu cyihariye hamwe na

icyuma gifotora cyamashanyarazi kireba imbere, gishobora kurekura igice cyingufu zabitswe mugihe ingufu zikenewe ari nyinshi.

Abashakashatsi bakoresheje ikigereranyo basobanura inzira: “Ninkaho gushyira izuba mu isanduku.”Gahunda yabo irashobora guhindura uburyo bwo kubika ingufu.Ifite ubushobozi bukomeye kuri

kugera kuri iyi ntego kandi yabaye ikintu cyingenzi mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, bigatuma umushinga wa “Amadeus” ugaragara neza mu mishinga irenga 300 yatanzwe

kandi yatsindiye igihembo cyiza cyo guhanga udushya muri EU.

Uwateguye igihembo cya EU Innovation Radar Award yabisobanuye agira ati: “Ingingo y'ingenzi ni uko itanga sisitemu ihendutse ishobora kubika ingufu nyinshi kuri a

igihe kirekire.Ifite ingufu nyinshi, ikora neza muri rusange, kandi ikoresha ibikoresho bihagije kandi bihenze.Nuburyo bwa modular, bukoreshwa cyane, kandi burashobora gutanga

ubushyuhe busukuye n'amashanyarazi bikenewe. ”

None, ikoranabuhanga rikora rite?Ni ibihe bihe bizaza byo gusaba hamwe nubucuruzi buteganijwe?

Tubivuze mu buryo bworoshe, iyi sisitemu ikoresha imbaraga zirenze zituruka ku mbaraga zishobora kuvugururwa rimwe na rimwe (nk'ingufu z'izuba cyangwa ingufu z'umuyaga) gushonga ibyuma bihendutse,

nka silicon cyangwa ferrosilicon, n'ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1000 ℃.Silicon alloy irashobora kubika ingufu nyinshi murwego rwo guhuza kwayo.

Ubu bwoko bw'ingufu bwitwa "ubushyuhe bwihishe".Kurugero, litiro ya silikoni (hafi kg 2,5) ibika hejuru ya kilowatt-1 (kilowatt-isaha) yingufu muburyo

y'ubushyuhe bwihishe, nizo mbaraga rwose ziri muri litiro ya hydrogen kumuvuduko wa bar 500.Ariko, bitandukanye na hydrogen, silikoni irashobora kubikwa munsi yikirere

igitutu, bigatuma sisitemu ihendutse kandi itekanye.

Urufunguzo rwa sisitemu nuburyo bwo guhindura ubushyuhe bwabitswe mu mbaraga zamashanyarazi.Iyo silikoni ishonga ku bushyuhe burenga 1000 º C, irabagirana nk'izuba.

Kubwibyo, selile Photovoltaic selile irashobora gukoreshwa muguhindura ubushyuhe bwumuriro ingufu zamashanyarazi.

Imashini yitwa amashanyarazi yumuriro yumuriro ni nkigikoresho gito gifotora, gishobora kubyara ingufu inshuro 100 kuruta amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba.

Muyandi magambo, niba metero kare imwe yumuriro wizuba itanga watts 200, metero kare imwe yumuriro wamafoto yumuriro uzatanga kilowat 20.Kandi si gusa

imbaraga, ariko kandi imikorere yo guhinduka irarenze.Imikorere ya selile yumuriro uri hagati ya 30% na 40%, biterwa nubushyuhe

cy'isoko ry'ubushyuhe.Ibinyuranye, imikorere yizuba ryamashanyarazi yizuba iri hagati ya 15% na 20%.

Gukoresha amashanyarazi yumuriro wamashanyarazi aho gukoresha moteri yumuriro gakondo birinda gukoresha ibice byimuka, amazi hamwe noguhindura ubushyuhe bugoye.Muri ubu buryo,

sisitemu yose irashobora kuba ubukungu, yoroheje kandi idafite urusaku.

Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bubyerekana, selile yamafoto yumuriro utagaragara irashobora kubika imbaraga nyinshi zisigaye zishobora kuvugururwa.

Alejandro Data, umushakashatsi wayoboye uyu mushinga, yagize ati: “Igice kinini cy’amashanyarazi kizabyara igihe habaye ibisagutse mu gutanga amashanyarazi n’umuyaga,

izagurishwa rero ku giciro gito cyane ku isoko ry'amashanyarazi.Ni ngombwa cyane kubika ayo mashanyarazi asagutse muri sisitemu ihendutse cyane.Nibyingenzi cyane kuri

bika amashanyarazi asagutse mu buryo bw'ubushyuhe, kuko ni bumwe mu buryo buhendutse bwo kubika ingufu. ”

2. Ihendutse inshuro 40 kuruta bateri ya lithium-ion

By'umwihariko, silicon na ferrosilicon irashobora kubika ingufu ku giciro kiri munsi yama euro 4 kuri kilowatt-isaha, ikaba ihendutse inshuro 100 ugereranije na lithium-ion isanzwe.

bateri.Nyuma yo kongeramo kontineri no kubika, igiciro cyose kizaba kinini.Nyamara, ukurikije ubushakashatsi, niba sisitemu ari nini bihagije, mubisanzwe birenze

amasaha arenga 10 megawatt, birashoboka ko azagera ku giciro cyama euro 10 kumasaha ya kilowatt, kuko ikiguzi cyo kubika amashyuza kizaba igice gito muri rusange

igiciro cya sisitemu.Nyamara, igiciro cya batiri ya lithium ni amayero 400 kuri kilowatt-saha.

Ikibazo kimwe iyi sisitemu ihura nacyo nuko igice gito gusa cyubushyuhe bwabitswe gihindurwa mumashanyarazi.Ni ubuhe buryo bwo guhindura imikorere muriki gikorwa?Nigute

koresha ingufu zubushyuhe zisigaye nikibazo cyingenzi.

Abashakashatsi b'iryo tsinda bemeza ko ibyo atari ibibazo.Niba sisitemu ihendutse bihagije, 30-40% gusa yingufu zigomba kugarurwa muburyo bwa

amashanyarazi, azatuma barusha ubundi buhanga buhenze, nka bateri ya lithium-ion.

Byongeye kandi, 60-70% isigaye yubushyuhe idahinduwe mumashanyarazi irashobora kwimurirwa mu nyubako, inganda cyangwa imigi kugabanya amakara na kamere

gukoresha gaze.

Ubushyuhe bufite ibice birenga 50% by’ingufu zikenerwa ku isi na 40% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi.Muri ubu buryo, kubika umuyaga cyangwa ingufu za Photovoltaque rwihishwa

ubushyuhe bwamafoto yumuriro ntibishobora gusa kuzigama ibiciro byinshi, ariko kandi birashobora no kuzuza ubushyuhe bukabije bwisoko binyuze mumikoreshereze yimbaraga.

3. Inzitizi n'ibizaza

Ubuhanga bushya bwo kubika amashyanyarazi yubushyuhe bwateguwe nitsinda rya kaminuza ya tekinoroji ya Madrid, ikoresha ibikoresho bya silicon alloy, ifite

ibyiza mubiciro byibikoresho, ubushyuhe bwo kubika ubushyuhe nigihe cyo kubika ingufu.Silicon nikintu cya kabiri cyinshi cyane mubutaka bwisi.Igiciro

kuri toni yumucanga wa silika ni amadorari 30-50 gusa, ni 1/10 cyibikoresho byumunyu ushonga.Mubyongeyeho, ubushyuhe bwo kubika ubushyuhe butandukanye bwumucanga wa silika

ibice biri hejuru cyane yumunyu ushongeshejwe, kandi ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora burashobora kugera kuri 1000 ℃.Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bukora kandi

ifasha kuzamura ingufu rusange muri sisitemu yo kubyara amashanyarazi.

Ikipe ya Datus ntabwo yonyine ibona ubushobozi bwa selile yumuriro wa fotora.Bafite abo bahanganye babiri bakomeye: Ikigo gikomeye cya Massachusetts Institute of

Ikoranabuhanga hamwe na Californiya yatangije ingufu za Antola.Iyanyuma yibanze kubushakashatsi niterambere rya bateri nini zikoreshwa munganda ziremereye (nini

abakoresha lisansi ikoreshwa), kandi yabonye miliyoni 50 US $ yo kurangiza ubushakashatsi muri Gashyantare uyu mwaka.Ikigega cy'ingufu cya Bill Gates cyatanze bimwe

amafaranga yo gushora imari.

Abashakashatsi bo mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Massachusetts bavuze ko icyitegererezo cy’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi cyashoboye gukoresha 40% y’ingufu zikoreshwa mu gushyushya

ibikoresho by'imbere bya bateri ya prototype.Basobanuye: “Ibi bitanga inzira yo gukora neza no kugabanya ibiciro byo kubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi,

bigatuma bishoboka gucana amashanyarazi. ”

Umushinga w'Ikigo cy'ikoranabuhanga cya Madrid ntiwashoboye gupima ijanisha ry'ingufu zishobora kugarura, ariko rirenze icyitegererezo cy'Abanyamerika

mu buryo bumwe.Alejandro Data, umushakashatsi wayoboye umushinga, yabisobanuye agira ati: “Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, umushinga wa MIT ugomba kuzamura ubushyuhe kugeza

Impamyabumenyi 2400.Batare yacu ikora kuri dogere 1200.Kuri ubu bushyuhe, imikorere izaba iri munsi yabo, ariko dufite ibibazo bike byo kubika ubushyuhe.

N'ubundi kandi, biragoye cyane kubika ibikoresho kuri dogere 2400 utiriwe utakaza ubushyuhe. ”

Nibyo, tekinoroji iracyakeneye ishoramari ryinshi mbere yo kwinjira ku isoko.Laboratoire ya laboratoire iri munsi ya 1 kWh yo kubika ingufu

ubushobozi, ariko kugirango iryo koranabuhanga ryunguke, rikeneye MWh zirenga 10 z'ubushobozi bwo kubika ingufu.Kubwibyo, ikibazo gikurikira nukwagura igipimo cya

tekinoroji no kugerageza ibishoboka ku rugero runini.Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, abashakashatsi bo mu kigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Madrid bagiye bubaka amakipe

kugirango bishoboke.